Jumat, 09 Januari 2015
little about democracy, may complete but not too. and this is also the result of several blogs neighbors.I apologize in advance if there ere, and is the result of translation. from my previous blog.
B. STATE OF ECONOMIC FUTURE LIBERAL INDONESIAAlthough Indonesia has been independent but Indonesian Economic conditions are still very poor. Attempts to change the structure of the colonial economy to the national economy in accordance with the spirit of the Indonesian people to walk haltingly.Factors that cause stuttering economic circumstances are as follows. After recognition of the sovereignty of the Netherlands on December 27, 1949, the Indonesian people bear the brunt of the economic and financial as specified in the RTC. The load in the form of foreign debt by 1.5 trillion dollars and a domestic debt of 2.8 trillion dollars. Deficit to be borne by the Government at that time of 5.1 billion. Indonesia only rely on one type of export mainly agricultural crops and plantations so that when the demand for exports from the sector decreases will hit the Indonesian economy. Political finance Indonesian government is not made in Indonesia it was designed by the Dutch. The Dutch government did not inherit values sufficient to transform the colonial economic system into a system of national economy.
Not yet have the experience to organize the economy is
good, yet have experts and adequately fund necessary.The security situation in the country which are not beneficial since many revolts and sparatisisme movements in various regions in Indonesia.
The unstable political situation in the country resulted in government spending for security operations increased.
Cabinet changed very often causing programs planned cabinet that can not be implemented, while new programs are planned.
Figures large population growth.
Short-term problem that must be faced by the government are:
1. Reduce the amount of money in circulation
2. Addressing the increased cost of living.
While the long-term problem that must be addressed are:
LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA STATES NUMBER 7 1950
ABOUT
AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA become STATES CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA STATES,
Considering:
· People A.bahwa areas throughout Indonesia section requires the structure of state-unitary republic;
· B. that sovereignty is in the hands of the People;
· C. that State which is a republic-is its actual unity is none other than the State of Indonesia which was proclaimed their independence by the people on the day of August 17, 1945, which was originally a republic-unity and then become a republic federation;
· D. that in order to carry out the will of the people's will form a unitary republic that the regions of East Indonesia and East Sumatra authorize the State Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government fully to bermusjawarat regions of the Republic of Indonesia;
· E. that has now been achieved an agreement between the two parties in permusjawaratan it, so as to fulfill the will of the people, came the high time to change the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, according to an agreement which has been achieved it become Constitution While the State which is a republic-unity with the name of the Republic Indonesia;
·
· Given: 1. Article 190, Article 127 and Article 191 chapter a paragraph 2 of the Constitution;
· 2. Recalling also: Charter Agreement, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on May 19, 1950;
TEMPORARY Constitution 1950
· Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, known as 1950, is the constitution in force in the Republic of Indonesia since August 17, 1950 until the issuance of Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959.
1950 stipulated by Act No. 7 of 1950 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia into the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, in the First Session of the 3rd round of the 71st Meeting of the House RIS dated August 14, 1950 in Jakarta.
This constitution is called "temporary", because only temporary, pending the results of the election of the Constituent Assembly elections will draft a new constitution. 1955 General Election to elect a Constituent democratically, but the Assembly failed to form a new constitution to be protracted. On July 5, 1959, President Sukarno issued Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959, which contains, among other re-enactment of the 1945 Constitution.
Guided Democracy
Guided democracy is a democracy that could exist in Indonesia, the entire decision and thought centered on the leader alone.
Background initiation system by President Sukarno's Guided Democracy:
In terms of security: The number of separatist movements in the period of liberal democracy, causing instability in the security field.
In terms of economy: Often the change of cabinet in the period of liberal democracy led to programs designed by the cabinet can not be executed in full, so the stalled economic development.
Politically: Constituent failed in drafting a new constitution to replace the 1950
Guided Democracy period initiated by President Soekarno preceded by his suggestion that the Act is used to replace the 1950 is UUD'45. However, the proposal raises the pros and cons among the constituent members. As a follow-up proposal, held a vote, followed by all the constituent members. Voting is done in order to resolve conflicts arising from the pros and cons will be the proposal of President Sukarno.
Voting results showed that:
269 people agreed to return to UUD'45
119 people did not agree to return to UUD'45
Judging from the results of voting, the proposal to return to UUD'45 can not be realized. This is caused by a number of constituent members who approved the proposal does not reach the 2/3 part, as set out in Article 137 1950.
Starting from this, President Sukarno issued a decree called the Presidential Decree of 5 July 1959. The contents of the Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959:
Not valid return 1950
Re-enactment of the 1945 Constitution
dissolution of the constituent
MPRS formation and DPAs
PKI welcome "Guided Democracy" warm and Sukarno with the assumption that the CPI has Konsepsi alliance between nationalism, religion (Islam) and communism called NASAKOM.
Between 1959 and 1965, the United States provided 64 million dollars in military aid to the Indonesian military generals. According to a report in "Indonesian Youth Voices": Before the end of 1960, the United States has completed the 43 battalion of the armed forces. Each year the US trained military officers right wing. Between 1956 and 1959, more than 200 high-ranking officers have been trained in the US, and hundreds of low-ranking officers are trained every year. Head of the Agency for International Development in America said that US aid, of course, not to support Sukarno and that the US has trained a large number of officers of the armed forces and civilians who want to form a unit to make Indonesia a "free country".
In 1962, the struggle for West Irian by the Indonesian military had the full support of the PKI leadership, along with the suppression of the resistance of indigenous populations.
Era of "Guided Democracy", which is a collaboration between the PKI leadership and the national bourgeoisie in suppressing the independent movement of the workers and peasants, failed to solve the problems of political and economic imperative. Declining export earnings, foreign exchange reserves declined, inflation continues to rise and the bureaucratic and military corruption became endemic.
Deviations Guided Democracy
Starting sejal issuance Supersemar on 11 March 1966. Guided Democracy in Indonesia is meant by Sukarno as a democracy that suits the personality of the nation, which is different from the liberal democratic system is a product of the west, but in practice, Guided Democracy experienced a wide shape deviations .Penyimpangan-deviation is caused by the concentration of political power in the President Soekarmo. The era of 1959 to 1966 is the Sukarno era, when keijakan-strongly influence the policies of President Sukarno of Indonesia's political condition
Deviation Deviation-Government In The Guided Democracy
Presidential Decree issued July 5, 1959 by President Sukarno intended to implement the national living in Indonesia consistent with the 1945 Constitution, but in practice, especially President Sukarno government did a lot of irregularities against the 1945 Constitution itself, including the following:
A. Irregularities in the Field of Domestic Policy
1. Majaran Nasakom (Nationalism, Religion, Communism
2. Powers of the President run arbitrary; this happens because of the power of the MPR, DPR, and DPA which at that time was not yet formed implemented by the President
3. MPRS set Oresiden become president for life; this is not in accordance with the provisions of the presidential term.
4. The People's Consultative Assembly and the House leadership was given the status as a minister; thus, the Assembly and the House of Representatives under the President.
5. Chairman of the Supreme Court granted the status of ministers; This is a perversion of the principle that judicial power is an independent power.
6. The President made a determination that it should be regulated by law (which must be made with the House); thus the President exceeded his authority.
7. Establishment of state institutions that are not regulated in the Constitution, namely the National Front.
8. President dissolve the House of Representatives; whereas according to the constitution, the president can not dissolve the House of Representatives>
B. Irregularities in the Field of Foreign Policy
1. Political confrontation with the division of the world into two parts, namely Oldefo (Old Establishes Forces / imperialist capitalist countries) and Nefo (New Emerging Forces / Countries progressive revolutionary)
2. Implement politics Lighthouse (construction giant projects, Senayan sports complex, Jakarta by pass, National Monument, Bridge Ampera)
3. Organize Ganefo (Games of the New Emerging Forces) are mostly participants are communist countries
4. Establish a Jakarta-Beijing Axis
Termasuuk guided democracy in presidential demokraasi.
Disadvantages:
· Happened concentration of power pd president and weak supervision of the people.
The term of office the cabinet is not specified
The head of state is inviolable, because the charge was the minister
· Concerned party's strength in Parliament
Pros:
· The existence of a stable government, because they can not be dissolved by the Parliament, and government runs on both
· There is no vote of no confidence from the parliament
· Parliament can dismiss the cabinet when considered deviant
