11. Paragraph Patterns in the English Language Text
1. Information Sharing Based on Subtopic
A
Good paragraphs usually have only one topic , tapi sometimes -
sometimes have a prayer OR AN Topics Hobbies subtopics . cont Notice Oh
following initials .
The people in the United States
speak the same language as the people in Great Britain. However,
American English is different from British English in many ways. First,
the sounds of American English are different from the sound of British
English. For example, most Americans pronounce the ‘r’ in the word ‘car’
but most Britons do not. Most Americans pronounce the ‘dictionary’ like
this /dik-shun-ar-y/, but the British pronounce it like this
/dik-shun-ry/. Some spellings are also different. People in Britain
write ‘colour’ and ‘centre’, but people in the United States write
‘color’ and ‘center’. Finally some words are different. People in the
United States use ‘gasoline’ in their cars, but people in Britain use
‘petrol’. Gasoline and petrol are the same thing, but the Americans and
the British use diferent words for it.
In the above example the
author develops the topic of the paragraph by using three subtopics :
sounds , Spellings and words. If the above paragraph is described by a
diagram then he will be like this .
Differences between American and British English
Sounds
spellings
Words
American English pronounce the ‘r’ in car.
British English: colour and centre
American English: gasoline
British English do not pronounce the ‘r’ in car.
American English: color and center
British English: petrol
2. Dividing Information Based on Level of generality
Normally
a paragraph begins with general information and then developed with
providing information that is more specific . Consider the following
example .
There are basically two types of families:
nuclear family and extended family. The nuclear family usually consists
of two parents (mother and father) and their children. The mother and
father from the nucleus, or center , of the nuclear family. The children
stay in the nuclear family until they marry. Then they form new nuclear
family.
If a paragraph in the above example we describe is based
on the level of keumumam information contained in it , then we can make
the following diagram .
Level 1
There are basically two types of families: nuclear family and extended family
Level 2
The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and their children
Level 3
The mother and father from he nucleus, or center, of the nuclear family
The children stay in the nuclear family until they marry
Then they form new nuclear family
As
shown in the diagram above , paragraph can not be divided into sections
based on the level of generality of information in it . At one level
there is general information and continued with more specific
information on subsequent levels .
3. Based on the information divide the time , place and Causal Association
Various methods were used by the authors to organize information in a
paragraph . Sometimes the information in a paragraph arranged in
chronological order , based on the spot , or by the order of causation .
Consider the following example .
Rent control began fairly recently in the United States. Few American
cities had rent control before World War II. During World War II, the
U.S. government imposed rent control on all the cities in the U.S. After
World War II, only one city –New York- continued rent control. At the
beginning of the 1980s nearly one-fifth of the people in the US lived in
cities with rent control.
As can be seen in the example above
information in paragraphs arranged in chronological order . If the above
paragraph we divide by the time sequence information we will get a
diagram like the one below .
Time
Information about rent control
Before World War II
Few cities had rent control
During World War II
All cities had rent control
After World War II
Only New York continued rent control
Beginning of 1980s
Nearly one-fifth of the people in the US lived in cities with rent control
Most paragraph is based on information about the place (place ) such as
city , county , state , location and other geo-located so forth .
Consider the following example .
The cost of renting an
apartment varies from one American city to another. In most cities, the
rent for one-bedroom apartment is more than $250 per month. In some
smaller cities such as Louisville, Kentuky or Jacksonville, Florida, the
rent is less, but in larger cities the rent is more. For example, if
you live in Los Angeles, you must pay $400 or more to rent a one-bedroom
apartment, and the same apartment rents for $625 and up in Chicago. The
most expensive rents in the U.S. are in New York, where you must pay at
least $700 a month to rent a one-bedroom apartment in most parts of the
city.
The information in the paragraph above example is based on
the arrangement of the place and the price of rental apartments ranging
from cheap to expensive . If we describe the pattern of development in
the above paragraph will we get the following diagram .
Place
Rent for One-bedroom Apartment
Most American cities
> $ 250
Smaller cities
e.g. Louisville
Jacksonville
< $ 250
Larger cities
e.g. Los Angeles
Chicago
New York
> $ 250
> $ 400
> $ 625
> $ 700
There is also a paragraph which is based on information causality (
cause and result ) . Consider the following example .
The price of shoes are related to the number of shoes the producers
make. For example, the price of shoes was high last month, so the shoe
producers made more shoes. However, the consumers did not buy more shoes
because of the high price. As a result, the shoe producers reduced the
price of the shoes so that the consumers could buy more shoes. At the
same time, the shoe producers reduced their production of shoes because
the prices went down.
As can be seen in the above example is
based on the information in paragraphs causal relations by using words
appropriate special link like ' Because ' , ' so' and ' as a result ' .
If the above paragraph we have described in a diagram we will get the
diagram as shown below .
Cause
Results
Price of shoes (up)
Shoe production (up)
High price
Consumer did not buy more
Consumer did not buy more
Price of shoes (down)
Price of shoes (down)
Consumer could buy more
Price of shoes (down)
Shoe production (down)
Crux of the discussion that will be studied is
1. Scanning
Scanning is a quick read a text to obtain specific information we need
(data , name , bio and others ) . Its use in everyday life or lectures :
- Reading a scientific journal with an effective ( Academic Entry , Scientific Journal , Tables etc )
- Getting the core of a text (for instance reading of newspapers , news or textbooks )
2.
Previewing and Predicting Previewing and Predicting is estimate or
predict a text or narrative so that we can figure out whether or
narrative text that we have in accordance with the info we were looking
for . We must have an underlying reason why we predict a text or a
narasi.Contoh use :
- View the cover of a book is in accordance with the information we need or not .
- Listen to text read out , to guess from the pictures or information that matches
3. Vocabulary Knowledge for effective Reading and Listening
Vocabulary
Knowledge for effective reading and listening is our knowledge of
English vocabulary to support our understanding in reading or hearing
the English language text or narration . The goal :
- Understand the purpose of a coherent sentence
- Guess the meaning of an English word in a way to understand the meaning of a sentence first .
4.
Topics Topics are subject or main issues discussed by the text ,
discussions , lectures and others . What you want to achieve from the
material Topics :
- Can be set and find a topic of a text , either read or written .
- Can work with the topic , namely searching and write topic sentences
5.
Main Ideas Main ideas are at the core of a reading , either in the form
of a paragraph or discourse. To be achieved from this material :
- Finding the main idea of the topic sentence
- Determine the main idea of a paragraph
- Develop the topic for the main idea
- Develop an explanatory sentence for the main idea , so as to produce an outline of what was discussed .
6.
Patterns of Organization Patterns of Organization is a pattern that is
used in the text , is determined from the time , the problem discussed ,
descriptions and others . The pattern is used to facilitate the making
or identifying a text . What we can after studying this material :
- Can determine the pattern in a text
- Can write a text with the specified pattern
- Can process information from a text with faster
- Making our minds more sequences " logical order"
7.Skimming
Skimming nearly equal to the scanning , but only vital points - core
reading a piece of text and tend to ignore punctuation , font and others
.
8. Making Inference Making Inference is making inferences from
a text or narrative . The goal is encapsulates the essence of a text to
make it more succinctly . Will we be able to after studying this
material :
- Can determine the missing information or missing from a text
- Can make the conclusion of a discussion , a chat or a text
9.
summarizing and Analysis Summarizing and Analysis is to summarize and
analyze more deeply what you want delivered from a text or conversation .
By summarizing and analyzing the bias we get information or information
that is clearer . Will we get after studying this material :
- Can make the article analyzes
- Can make a summary of a journal or scientific
- Make us get information faster and easier
11. Paragraph Patterns in the English Language Text
1. Information Sharing Based on Subtopic
A
Good paragraphs usually have only one topic , tapi sometimes -
sometimes have a prayer OR AN Topics Hobbies subtopics . cont Notice Oh
following initials .
The people in the United States
speak the same language as the people in Great Britain. However,
American English is different from British English in many ways. First,
the sounds of American English are different from the sound of British
English. For example, most Americans pronounce the ‘r’ in the word ‘car’
but most Britons do not. Most Americans pronounce the ‘dictionary’ like
this /dik-shun-ar-y/, but the British pronounce it like this
/dik-shun-ry/. Some spellings are also different. People in Britain
write ‘colour’ and ‘centre’, but people in the United States write
‘color’ and ‘center’. Finally some words are different. People in the
United States use ‘gasoline’ in their cars, but people in Britain use
‘petrol’. Gasoline and petrol are the same thing, but the Americans and
the British use diferent words for it.
In the above example the
author develops the topic of the paragraph by using three subtopics :
sounds , Spellings and words. If the above paragraph is described by a
diagram then he will be like this .
Differences between American and British English
Sounds
spellings
Words
American English pronounce the ‘r’ in car.
British English: colour and centre
American English: gasoline
British English do not pronounce the ‘r’ in car.
American English: color and center
British English: petrol
